The Pipevine Saga

A Beautiful Pipevine Swallowtail Butterfly

Investing oneself in nature can be emotionally trying. We humans like cute baby animals and storybook endings. And when things don't turn out the way we expect or hope, it can feel like a sock in the stomach. But the natural world is unemotional. Living things exist within systems and interconnected webs, without good and evil and without judgement. The cute baby squirrel is nourishment for an equally deserving, but maybe not so adorable (to many people) snake. The green darner dragonfly struggling in a banana spider's web will give the spider strength to lay eggs at the end of the season. The mud dauber wasp paralyzes dozens of spiders, turning them into zombie food storage, to feed its larva. The heron spears the bullfrog with its long sharp bill and eats it as it struggles. The wind blows the cardinal nest full of eggs out of the tree, and they break on the sidewalk. I know intellectually that I shouldn't be sad, but then I can't help myself. I am a nurturer and a carer. I forget that it's a jungle out there, and start to cheer for one side or another. And that's where I get into trouble.

My current story started a 6 or 7 years ago when I had planted a Calico Flower/Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia elegans) in the yard. It grew huge, with strange, spotted pinkish flowers. One day I went out and saw several huge caterpillars munching the leaves. At that time, I was not raising the plants as caterpillar food, and I was a little upset to see my marvelous flowers being chewed back to the stems! But I got over it as I realized what I'd attracted to the yard.

Gold Rim Swallowtail Caterpillars

I thought at first that they were Pipevine Swallowtails caterpillars, because this was a Pipevine plant. But it turned out that they were the Gold Rim (Polydamas) Swallowtail caterpillars. I was able to watch one of them eventually form a chrysalis and then emerge as an adult butterfly. It was a fascinating experience and I looked forward to seeing this happen again the next year, because the plants were healthy and established. But then I learned that the Calico Flowers were class II invasive exotic plants and I was working on making my yard Florida Friendly. As I've written again and again, invasive exotic plants are not good to have in your yard. So I pulled out the plants and felt a little sad that I would not see the return of the butterflies in the spring. Determined to change this, the next year I purchased a native Wooly Pipevine (Aristolochia tomentosa), took it home, planted it and waited eagerly for the Pipevine Swallowtails, who supposedly use this plant as a host. Weeks turned into years and no swallowtails moved into our yard. I stopped believing that they would ever come. (In hindsight, I think that the butterflies knew that there had to be enough vines available for their larvae to eat and it took years to get to that critical mass of growth.) I would occasionally see Pipevine Swallowtails as they flew over and nectared on the flowers, but they didn't stop and move in. Finally, this spring, I saw what I thought could be a Pipevine Swallowtail butterfly wafting over the, now abundant, tendrils of pipevine! The butterfly flitted and touched each vine, then flew to another as she picked the perfect location for her eggs. The next day I went out and found a nice little zigzag line of tiny, geometric eggs. A day later I found another bunch, and in the following days I found several others, tucked all over the yard. Finally, our yard had made it!

Eggs

A few days later, I went out to see the eggs and found that they had recently hatched! The caterpillars were so tiny, and I was so excited! I could see the minute creatures next to their empty eggs, which they were busily consuming for their first nourishment.

Day 1

I was fairly sure that they were Pipevine caterpillars, but I was not completely sure. I looked in my books and online and the eggs looked like they could have been Pipevine or Gold Rim. I couldn't see any photos of either type of caterpillars at that very early stage, so I decided to watch and photograph them as they developed. This turned into a project and I was invested. Danger! Warning! I never learn.

I observed them every day as they ate and grew. The eggs had been laid over several days, so their development was staggered. The first clutch would reach a milestone and the others followed the next days in order.

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

6 days in, they molted for the first time. As they outgrow their old skin cover, or "cuticle", they shed it and form a new one. They will go through 5 stages as caterpillars, called "Instars". After the 5th Instar, they molt into their chrysalis. After this first molt, they started to exhibit characteristics that made me fairly certain they were Pipevine caterpillars. For one thing, they had rather long fleshy appendages near their heads which I didn't see in photos of the Gold Rims. Also, I just wanted to have attracted Pipevines!

Day 6 (See shed molts off to the upper right)

Still small, the caterpillars stayed together and spent the days underneath leaves, hidden from predators and the sun. On day 7 I went to my usual spot for the first group, and something was wrong. Their vine lay on the ground, broken and withered. Tragedy had struck! But scanning the area, I was able to locate all of the group. Whew!

Oh no! Dead vine (with old cuticles stuck to underside)

Day 7

Day 8

Day 9

By day 10, the rest of the caterpillars had spread out and no longer clustered together. Their appetites were too big to share one leaf! I found one of the larger caterpillars next to its shed cuticle. Molt #2. Now I was certain that they were Pipevines. Look at those long tentacles!

Day 10, Molt #2

The caterpillars were growing quickly, but I could no longer find more than just 2 or 3 from each group. I just hoped that they had dispersed and had not been eaten. Supposedly, the pipevine is toxic and makes them taste bad to birds. I don't know if you can say the same for Anoles, though, and we've got a lot of them. On day 18, I looked all over and found only one large caterpillar, attaching itself with silk to a stalk of Society Garlic. I believe that it was getting ready for another molt. Looking closer, I could see that there was a dead caterpillar at the base of the same plant. I have no idea what happened to the dead one.

Day 11

Day 12

Day 13

Day 14

Day 15

Day 16

Day 17

Day 18

Then on day 19, the inevitable happened. I went out to check on the last caterpillar, and it was gone. Whether it had been eaten, or died of disease, or had just moved to a better vine, I'll probably never know. I also don't know if it was quite mature enough to pupate, although I'll keep looking around the yard to see if I can find a chrysalis. In any case, I felt pretty disappointed that all of those caterpillars were gone. It's a tough world out there, with lots of hungry predators and hazards. During those 18 days, we had freezing cold nights, some rain and scorching heat. Anything could have happened, and this is why the butterflies lay so many eggs. But as I look around the yard and see the scores of pipevine sprouts and the chew marks around the margins, I can feel fairly sure that the butterflies will continue to visit and the cycle will continue in the future. And if I'm lucky I'll be able to watch a Pipevine butterfly emerge from a chrysalis in my yard one day soon.

Caterpillar Crazy

I volunteered today at the Florida Museum of Natural History Butterfly Festival Plant Sale. They have a great selection of plants, both native and exotic (but not invasive) that are guaranteed to attract butterflies to your yard. I had a lot of fun helping people choose new plants for their yards amidst the beautiful colors and happy butterflies that were drawn to the delectable flowers, shrubs and trees. It's pretty impressive to see how many butterflies will suddenly appear in a parking lot if you load it with their nectar and larval host plants. There were lots and lots of butterflies! We even had a clearwing hummingbird moth buzzing around the plumbago.

There were also lots and lots of caterpillars because there were host plants for sale, too. To create a butterfly garden, you need to provide flowers for the butterflies to get nectar, and you also have to provide a food source for the larva (caterpillars). The foods are pretty specific. Monarch butterflies only feed on milkweed plants. They do this because milkweed is toxic. The caterpillars eat the toxic plant and become toxic themselves. Animals that eat them will get sick, so after trying once, they learn not to eat the caterpillars. The orange and black color of the adult butterfly tells potential predators that they are toxic, too. Other butterflies and moths also have specific plants that are the only food their caterpillars will feed on.

Monarch laying eggs on Milkweed; Caterpillar eating Milkweed

The Museum is selling planters filled with a variety of host and nectar plants. Every planter I saw came ready with at least one caterpillar! Instant butterfly garden! They offer milkweed with Monarchs, fennel  with Black Swallowtails, and passion flower with Zebra Longwing and Gulf Fritillary caterpillars. They also have Dutchman's Pipe Vines, each covered with ravenous Polydamas caterpillars.

Black Swallowtail Caterpillars on Fennel

Polydamas Caterpillars on Dutchman's Pipe

Zebra Longwing Caterpillar on Passion Flower

Gulf Fritillary Caterpillar on Passion Flower

I didn't see any Palamedes Swallowtail caterpillars at the Museum, although there were bay trees for sale. Too bad! The caterpillars are really neat! They have large eye spots on their heads, and they can hold their heads in a way that make them look like a snake. It's a cool bit of trickery! Palamedes Swallowtail Butterfly Caterpillars feed on trees of the Laurel family, and so the host plant specificity may be a problem for them in the future. A disease called Red Bay Laurel Wilt is killing most of the Red Bay trees in the South, and may also attack Florida Avocados, members of the same plant family.

Another caterpillar that uses disguise for protection is the Giant Swallowtail Caterpillar. I didn't see any of these at the sale, either, although they were selling Wild Lime, which is one of the host plants. The caterpillars look like a big blob of bird poop. They're even shiny, which makes it look wet. No one wants to eat bird poop--great disguise.  Giant Swallowtails feed on plants in the citrus family. They are considered pests in the citrus industry, because the caterpillars eat the leaves of the host plant. You need to keep this in mind when you're growing a butterfly garden. When used properly, butterfly host plants will be eaten!

Bird Poop or Caterpillar? Giant Swallowtail Caterpillar on Orange Tree

The neatest caterpillar I saw today was not at the plant sale. It was in the hardwood hammock at NATL, one of my favorite natural places in Gainesville. I ran into Larry, one of the people who works at NATL, and he had just seen a Harvester Butterfly. I'd never seen one before, so I headed out to the area where he found it. Alas, I never did see the Harvester, but I found something just as cool--the caterpillars! Harvester Butterfly Caterpillars are unusual in that they feed on wooly aphids. Carnivorous Caterpillars! I knew that they fed on wooly aphids, so I kept my eyes open and found a few Smilax vines that had an infestation. On the last vine, I found two caterpillars tucked in among the aphids.

Harvester Butterfly Caterpillar eating Wooly Aphids on Smilax

Being a plant collector and butterfly gardener, myself, of course I bought some plants at the sale. Now I have a job to do this weekend, finding the right place for those great butterfly plants. My cluster of plants was mobbed by buckeye butterflies in the parking lot at the museum, so I think I chose well!

Zebra Longwings

I took this picture of a Zebra Longwing butterfly at Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park the other day.

Zebra Longwing on Bidens alba

Zebra Longwings (or Heliconians) are the Florida State Butterfly. I grew up in Utah and had never seen one until I moved to Florida. They're beautiful and photogenic butterflies, with their black and white zebra stripes, red spots and blue compound eyes. And they do indeed have long wings. They're gentle, slow fliers that waft through the landscape. They are (usually) fairly common and stick around late into the fall. But last year they were completely absent, all year. We had an extremely harsh winter in 2010-11, with record cold temperatures. We had 27 days of below freezing temperatures, which may sound like no big deal for someone in the northern climes, but down here in the subtropics, the weather killed our landscape plants. In South Florida the iguanas were dropping out of the trees (which was probably a good thing--more on that another time!). The Zebras are not cold hardy, so their populations froze back to South Florida, where the winters weren't quite so cold. I never knew how much I had come to love them until they didn't appear. No one was sure how long it would take for the Zebras get back north. One person I talked to said it could be years. This past winter was cold again, but not as bad as the year before. Early in the spring, my husband and I took a trip to Miami. We saw Zebra Longwings all over the place and it was so nice to see them again. It made me sad to think that we wouldn't be seeing them in Gainesville for a long time. So you can imagine my reaction when I saw a couple at our botanical garden in early summer. The Zebra Longwings returned! Over the summer I saw more and more, and now I feel like the population is about back to normal. In fact, I just saw one drift past our dining room window. What a relief!

Zebra Longwings are cool butterflies. As I mentioned, they are primarily a tropical or subtropical species, so are not cold hardy. But they are fairly long lived, as far as butterflies go. They can live for several months, as opposed to weeks, because they eat pollen along with the nectar from flowers--a very unusual butterfly behavior. Their host plant is Passion Flower (Passiflora sp.). The Gulf Fritillary also uses Passion Flower as a host plant, but (this is so cool!) Zebras lay their eggs in the shade, and Fritillaries lay theirs in the sun. We had a big passion flower vine in the yard of our previous house and I watched this in action. The two types of butterflies would segregate their populations between the shady and sunny places in the yard. The females lay their geometric looking eggs on the tips of the new leaves, and soon the tiny white and black caterpillars emerge.

Zebra Longwing Caterpillar

When they finally pupate, the chrysalis looks just like the dried leaf of a passion vine. They blend in perfectly. The chrysalis is beautiful, with numerous irridescent patches that look like jewels or stained glass windows.

Zebra Longwing Chrysalis

Zebra Longwings engage in something called "pupal mating". As a human, I find this rather repulsive. But in biological and evolutionary terms, it makes great sense, because it provides a better chance that the first male's genes will be passed on. Males will crowd around a chrysalis where the new female butterfly is almost ready to emerge. They fight to be the first to mate with her, thus ensuring that their semen is first to fertilize her eggs. Sometimes the males will mate with her before she's emerged from the chrysalis. The first time I saw this, I had no idea what was happening. I thought the emerging butterfly was in distress and the nice butterfly friends were helping it out. Then I read up on Longwings and discovered what was really happening!

Attentive Male and Chrysalis

One other interesting behavior is roosting. Groups of Longwings will gather together at night to keep warm. They don't do it on the scale of Monarchs overwintering in Mexico, but they can sometimes form fairly large bunches. We had a Lepidoptera graduate student watching roosting Zebra Longwings in our yard to understand what chemical cues they use to return to the same spot.

Blurry picture of Roosting Zebra Longwings

So you can see that I'm a fan of the Zebra Longwing. I'm glad they have returned and will look forward to watching them well into the fall.

Butterflypalooza!

Black Swallowtail Butterfly laying eggs on Fennel

Wow! The butterflies in our yard are going nuts! There are eggs all over!  I had started to wonder if we'd have many this year. But that was early in the summer, when it was dry, back before the rains returned. Now the flowers are blooming, the sun is hot and bright, and the butterflies are flocking in. I have been slowly luring them in over the years. You see, we have a butterfly garden, with a broad variety of nectar and host plants to attract them. Butterflies and moths need a food source for the adult, as well as a very specific food plant for the caterpillars to eat. When you have the right mix of the two, the result is a bustling riot of wings and color. It's simple, if you have the plants they need, the butterflies will come.

Polydamas Butterfly Eggs on Hostplant, Wooly Dutchman's Pipe

Gulf Fritillary Egg on Hostplant, Corky Stem Passion Vine

A long time ago, maybe 20 years or so, my friend Ivy told me that she was planting a hummingbird garden. I'd never encountered the concept before and I was curious. She planted vines and plants with lots of long, red flowers. Her yard was a beautiful jungle, with lots of hummingbirds, and butterflies too. The garden worked! Around the same time I started hearing about butterfly gardens, too. It was an intriguing concept, and so novel. The idea of planting flowers and plants to attract certain animals was very strange to me. It was especially odd that you would want to encourage caterpillars to eat your garden. Up to that point, I had always planted vegetables for eating and flowers for yard decorations, and did my best to stop the caterpillars and other critters from their wanton herbivory. Boy, have things changed! These days, if you tell someone you have a hummingbird, butterfly, or even bee garden, no one blinks. It's become the norm. And how wonderful that is!

Polydamas Caterpillar committing wanton herbivory

As habitats disappear, the importance of patches of refuge for pollinators becomes ever more important. I like to think that we're doing our part for nature by having a butterfly habitat in our yard. I know it brings us a lot of happiness, too. I love to relax in the back yard as a Giant Swallowtail circles lazily overhead. When I walk out the front door, I'm greeted by the hum of bees as they bop from bush to bush. I often have to brush them and the butterflies out of my way as I work outside. It's fascinating to watch the butterflies feed, mate and deposit their eggs on the special leaf that they've chosen.

Monarch Butterfly laying egg on hostplant, Milkweed. Note monarch caterpillar eating.

Black Swallowtail Butterfly Egg on Hostplant, Fennel

Once I spot the eggs, then I visit the plant every day, watching for changes. First the eggs pop open and the teeny weeny caterpillars emerge.

Hatched Black Swallowtail Butterfly Egg

New Black Swallowtail Caterpillar chowing down on Fennel

Then they set to work devouring the special plant their mothers chose for them. As I see it, caterpillars are basically a stomach with a mouth and 6 legs to move around. They are eating, pooping machines. As they eat, they grow and change. At each growth stage, they shed their old exoskeleton. For each kind of caterpillar, there are 5 or 6 stages of development, and lepidopterists can determine the stage of development by their size and markings.

Cloudless Sulphur Caterpillar, early Instar

Cloudless Sulphur Caterpillar, later instar

When they're fully developed, the caterpillars make their final instar change into a pupa, also know as a chrysalis (for butterflies) or cocoon (for moths). The caterpillars climb to a safe branch and then attach themselves to the branch with a web.

Gulf Fritillary Caterpillar preparing to Pupate

Then they shed again, but instead of a new caterpillar underneath the old exoskeleton, there is a chrysalis.

New Polydamas Chrysalis with caterpillar shed

One of the many things I'd like to know more about is the metamorphasis that takes place inside that chrysalis. It's utterly amazing. Inside the shell of the chrysalis, the caterpillar re-forms itself from a worm-like stomach with 6 stubby legs and numerous pseudopods (all those other legs that make you not believe that this critter is an insect at all), that chews and eats leaves, and emerges as a delicate insect with 4 wings, antennae, 6 long legs, 3 separate body parts, a nectar sucking mouthpiece, and is covered with scales and hairs. Fabulous!

Newly emerged Black Swallowtail, drying its wings

I have spent countless hours watching and photographing the butterflies in our yard. Every season, every day, I see something new. The more I learn about their behavior and habits, the easier it is to know what plants to put in the yard to bring them in and how to observe them. And more and more butterflies show up. When I think back to my friend Ivy, I'm really thankful that someone was there to introduce me to the idea of attracting wildlife. I hope I can do the same for people who encounter my yard or my blog.